Chance Meeting...

Funny story. About two days ago now, I was minding my own business walking my dogs down Federal Highway (I guess we were actually taking care of their business - ha!). Anyway, a gentleman was walking north on the opposite side of the street as we were walking south. Upon seeing me, he crosses the street and introduces himself. He had just read this blog, read about my dogs and was going to check out where I lived. Well, in the process, he stumbled upon the whole family. We had a nice conversation. He is from the mid-west as well (Oak Park, Illinois) and has been active in historic preservation activities there. He has invested in properties in West Palm Beach, but knew that Lake Worth was really where it was at. It had a sense of place, a history and was being kind to its roots and heritage.

As we were talking, wouldn't you know we bumped into Jeff Clemens (who was running around with his campaign's yard signs). All three (err, five) of us had a nice exchange, Jeff left and Warren walked back with us to the house. The following is an e-mail from Warren sent after our meeting:

Hi Wes,

I still can't believe the timing of running into you today.
Meeting you and Jeff in the same short period had a real "meant to be" quality about it. Ordinarily, it wouldn't be like me to display signage for a candidate without learning more about their positions, but meeting both of you at the same time convinced me the Midwestern God's had spoken. Besides, not only did I discover that both of you have the good judgment to live in the right neighborhood, you both chose homes on the right side of the street! I could
never support a candidate whose front door bakes in the Sun all day long.

Seriously, I've tried to do my homework about you and the other candidates as best I can. I'm limited to the amount of time I can spend reading (due to a medical condition I have with my eyes), but talking with you two today
encouraged me that neither one of you embraces the idea of over-developing Lake Worth. I have a very urban consciousness, but I get concerned when I see too
many multi-family projects being approved. I understand the concept of population growth to support tax-generating commercial development, but these mega-projects threaten to over-burden the roads, dilute single-family property
values, and destroy the basic character of Lake Worth. I won't make the mistake of investing my time or energy in a town whose leadership lacks the sophistication to understand that.

I hope we'll have another chance to talk sometime. I saw some of those old post cards on your web site that showed the original Lake Worth Casino, and wondered if recreating something like that is what's being talked about over on the beach front. I just assumed "casino" meant gambling, and development meant "high-rise", but the opulent structure pictured in your post cards gave Lake Worth something priceless..... An IDENTITY.

Thank you for spending so much time with me today,

Warren Stewart
1828 N. K Street

And, my response:

Thanks Warren and nice to meet you too. Serendipity as it were. Yes, the original casino building had some interesting architecture, but happened to be in a very vulnerable position as it relates to storms, etc. The plan is to emulate the building, but not be a replica. We haven't seen the final plans for the building yet, but they should be moving forward during the later part of the
year.

And thanks for your assessment regarding Jeff and me. I'd really like to keep up a dialog with you and keep you informed on happenings, etc. Thanks also for displaying my sign and I am sure that Jeff appreciates that too.

Wes

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"

Positive Preliminary Reaction to the EAR

You know, in the midst of what seems like a never ending stream of bad news coming from 7 N. Dixie Hwy, it's nice to hear some good news for a change. The first results related to the saga of our Evaluation and Appraisal Report - EAR (a report required to be submitted to the State of Florida every 7 years that discusses how the City is performing related to its Master Plan). are in and they are POSITIVE!

At the January 16 meeting of the City Commission, the Commission voted 3-2 (Jennings, Drautz dissenting) to send the EAR to the State Department of Community Affairs. Along with the EAR, the land use change requests regarding the establishment of the Beach and Casino future land use district and another project related land use plan change were transmitted as well.

As part of the State review process, all Comprehensive Plan related matters are forwarded to Treasure Coast Regional Planning Council for their comments and those comments are then forwarded to Tallahassee.

The following letter represents Treasure Coast Regional Planning Council's take on our EAR:


You might remember at the January 16 meeting, before the vote on this item, Commissioner Jennings and Mayor Drautz made a big deal about this being "rushed through" and the Mayor said something to the effect of "Here we go again, Lake Worth sending up another incomplete document". It was almost as if he would relish the news that our EAR was incomplete - confirming his suspicions, whatever they are.

You can click on the above letter to see it in greater detail. If you are unable to on your computer, the following is a quote from the letter:

"...we have reviewed the Evaluation and Appraisal
Report (EAR) adopted by the City of Lake Worth on January 16, 2007. The City has done a very thorough job in preparing the EAR, including the incorporation of the results of the recent City-driven visioning and strategic master planning process."

So, the first step in the review process is complete and under review by the Department of Community Affairs. Our EAR, although late (a plight shared by many communities throughout the state), did the job that it was supposed to do and is being favorably received by reviewers. We, as all municipalities in Palm Beach County must do, will continue to address workforce housing issues as mentioned later in the letter.

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"

Notes and Updates...

Got some good news to report. First of all, I'd like to let you all know that this blog is getting visited! According to Jim Stafford of LakeWorthTalk.com, this site ranks as the third highest in referrals to his site - behind those that log in directly (bookmarked) and second are those that come from Google searches. I don't have tracking software on this blog, but that means that over 200 people visit my site and then go to Lake Worth Talk - this over a period of a week. Interesting. So, my words are getting out and hope that in the process you are getting to know me better.

To catch up on some other happenings, I attended last Friday night's meeting concerning the selection of an interim City Manager by the City Commission. The chambers were noticeably empty of the usual attendees - perhaps they were listening at home on the Internet? The Commission selected Robert Baldwin who is City Manager for Lauderdale-by-the-Sea. He has a clause in his contract that allows him to consult with other cities for 10 months out of a year and he is going to use that to help us out in the interim. Meanwhile, Colin Baesinger is advertising for the permanent position and the Commission approved an advertisement. Colin thinks that by mid-April, the City will be ready to appoint a new City Manager. So, we are off to the races. Let's hope that he yields a lot of qualified applicants.

I also attended yesterday's Commission workshop regarding the Town of Jupiter's Day Labor Center. It was a presentation put on by Jupiter's Town Manager - now there is someone with the skills we need. If we are able to get applicants like him for our City Manager position, we really will be on our way to a new Lake Worth. The Day Labor Center concept is something we definitely need to look at and this was a good first step.

And it should be noted that neither of my opponents for the District #3 race were in attendance at either meeting.

Over the weekend, I worked at the book sale held by the Friends of the Lake Worth Library on Saturday. Co-chairs of the even were June Evans and Drew Martin. Yes, that's right. It's nice to know that even though we are running against each other in the Commission race that it's still possible to volunteer for the betterment of the community. Thanks Drew and June for the opportunity to help.

I am also walking neighborhoods now and on Sunday, Jim and Jo Ann Kelly helped out with part of the southeast part of the City. Thanks guys.

As you know, I have my hand-bills now and lapel stickers came in today. Tomorrow I expect to receive my lawn signs and I will give you updates when they come in for sure.

Last night, I participated in the candidate debate held by the Bryant Park Neighborhood Association. It was at the Chamber of Commerce building - on the patio. The temperature might have been in the 50s out there. Thanks to everyone who worked to put on the debate and those that took time out of their schedules to attend. The format concerned me when I first learned about it, but it went o.k. after all and I hope that the other forums can use the same format - 1 min for introduction, 5 minutes total to answer questions (they held up cards to let you know where you were in your time budget as you answered questions) and 1 minute to close. It went well and this was the first time all of the candidates were assembled together to address the issues facing the City. I was a little disappointed in the general nature of the PB Post article today, but there will be others. We will also each be interviewed by the PB Post's editorial staff prior to their endorsement.

That's all for now. The next forum will be next Thursday at Brogue's - that one is being put on by the Lake Worth Democratic Club and is for Commission candidates only. They will be having one in March for the Mayoral race.

Thanks again for coming to visit my blog! Remember, you can respond here to a post. You can also e-mail me at wesblackman@gmail.com

Remember, check "Wes" on March 13th!!

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"

New Hand Bill

Thought that you would like to see the latest hand bill. Look for these at your door soon. My friends and I will be making it through the neighborhoods leading up to the election. I am looking forward to chatting with you, sharing my vision for Lake Worth and hearing your ideas/concerns about the direction of our City.

Note that the "real" - not virtual - hand bill has a picture of yours truly in the white box. Let me know if you would like a stack of these for your place of business or some extras to hand out to your friends!

Thanks again. If I haven't done so already, I am looking forward to meeting you soon.

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"

Candidate Forums

As of this date, the following candidate forums are scheduled:

Monday, January 29th at 7pm
Bryant Park Neighborhood Association
All candidates
Chamber of Commerce office - 501 Lake Avenue

Monday, March 5th at 7pm
Tropical Ridge Neighborhood Association
All candidates
Nazarene Church - 2nd Avenue North & D Street

Thursday, February 8th at 7pm
Lake Worth Democratic Club
Commission candidates
Brogues - 621 Lake Avenue

Monday, February 12th at 7pm
Palmway Neighborhood Association
All candidates
Brogues 621 Lake Avenue

Monday, February 19th at 7pm
Eden Place Neighborhood Association
All candidates
First Congregational Church - 1415 North K Street

Wednesday, February 21st at 7:30am
Chamber of Commerce
All candidates
LW Golf Course clubhouse - 1 Seventh Avenue North

Thursday, March 1st at 7pm
College Park Neighborhood Association
All candidates
LW Golf Course Clubhouse - 1 Seventh Avenue North

Wednesday, March 7th at 7pm
Neighborhood Assn. Presidents Council
All Candidates
Lake Worth Playhouse – 713 Lake Avenue

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"

1000 Friends of Florida - 2060 Study

Do you know that almost 18 million more people are expected to move to Florida by the year 2060? And did you know that most of that growth will be in areas that are not currently developed and much of it is environmentally sensitive or currently agricultural? Do you realize that equates to almost 7 million acres of land in Florida? And did you know that many of the already disturbed/developed urban areas along the coast could accept additional density in order to direct growth away from environmentally sensitive areas? Do you know that the average density in Palm Beach County is between 6 and 7 units to an acre? Do you realize that to have an economically viable mass transit (non-automobile based) system you need to have additional density along major transportation corridors? All this is on the 1000 Friends of Florida website. Click here for the 2060 population study.

Then ask yourself, can we accept the density already established along our major corridors and can we accept the careful redevelopment our City as outlined in our Master Planning process?

I think the answer will be yes.

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"

Campaign Interview on LakeWorthTalk.com

I want to make sure you all know about the interview I had with Jim Stafford recently on "The Live Show". The interview took place last Wednesday night, January 17th. What happens during the interview is that people post questions to the discussion board and you answer them on "air". Only this time, the "air" is over your Internet connection. I am not sure how it works with dial-up Internet service. If you are able, you can go to one of the Internet Hotspots in town and try to be broadband access on a laptop.

Click here to be forwarded to the archived audio page (0117 Wes Blackman).

Anyway, there were a whole series of good questions asked and I did my best to answer them. When you listen to it, it really is a glimpse at the up-coming election season and what you will be hearing on the campaign trail. Thanks to Jim Stafford for offering this service to the community. He received responses from most of the candidates in the various races so be sure to tune in to hear what the other candidates in District #3 have to say, as well as the District #1 and Mayor's races. As always, your comments, feedback and ideas are appreciated.

I hope to find more time to up-date this blog. Time in February will be at a premium, to be sure.

Thanks for your interest in a bright future for the City of Lake Worth and for your support!

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"

Look Here - Signs are on their way!

I thought I'd post my signs here. Feel free to download them and use as your computer wallpaper, etc. The actual signs should be ready by the end of next week, Friday January 26th. Let me know if you would like to put one in your yard or place of business. And you'll have a choice of styles.

I am really happy with how they turned out. Remember...Share the Vision!

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"

Beach and Casino Land Use District

At last night's City Commission meeting (1/16), the Commission voted 3-2 to transmit the Beach and Casino Land Use District and Future Land Use Plan amendment for review by the State of Florida Department of Community Affairs.

Prior to the meeting - the Thursday before -, the following e-mail was sent by Commissioner Jennings and widely distributed:

Please come out and help defend our Public Beach from being Re-zoned:

Ordinance No. 2007-09- create a Beach and Casino land use district & Ordinance No. 2007-10- provide for a Large Scale Comprehensive Plan amendment.

This item will create a new beach zoning district call BAC (Beach and Casino). This was passed by a 3-2 vote in November, but is coming back as the Department of Community Affairs in Tallahassee is requiring us to re-submit it during the 2007 calendar year. This change is necessary for the Greater Bay Group to move forward with their development plan for the beach. I have many concerns about
the plan and I am opposed to a land use change that is being put in place to allow for increased development and increased commercial uses.

My response, sent to all the Commissioners, the City Manager, etc.:

I think, and I hope that you would agree, that it is important to portray the
facts accurately in any matter that comes before the City Commission or
communicated broadly to the public. I have highlighted parts of your
communication that are not correct. First - this action would not create a new
beach zoning district. That is currently being considered and studied by the
Planning and Zoning Board. In fact, the Board held a workshop on the new zoning
district for the beach last Wednesday the 10th of January. It was disappointing
not to see people including commissioners like yourself that I know are
concerned about our beach park not in attendance.

As I have said before, if we are ever going to have a public input process that is meaningful, we need to give meaning to process. The process cannot have meaning if people do not attend and engage in the process, nor if the public is given imprecise information about the process by their elected representatives. \n \nI also want to remind you that the land use change, and any change to our Comprehensive Plan, requires review by the State of Florida. The creation of our zoning district for the
beach does not - it is under the City's control exclusively.

Second - the land use change before the City Commission on next Tuesday's agenda only corrects a long--standing omission in our Comprehensive Plan - having a land use category that is consistent with the long established retail and restaurant uses
found at the beach.

Let's all try to be as clear and accurate as possible when we make declarations to the public.

Thank you.

Wes Blackman

At the meeting, I added the following comments:

At the November 7 City Commission, the Beach and Casino future land use district language and change in the future land use map were approved for transmittal to the State of Florida Department of Community Affairs (DCA). This was done a vote of 3-2. The Planning and Zoning Board unanimously recommended approval at its 10/19 meeting.

In last December, DCA turned the transmittal around since we did not have our EAR completed. Other municipalities are in the same boat. There are no changes in the text and the map since that date.

Regardless of the Greater Bay project, the inconsistency with the PROS land use (which does not permit commercial uses) at the beach needs to be corrected to reflect actual conditions – we have had and will have commercial retail operations at the City’s beach.

By voting against this Beach and Casino land use language, you are essentially saying that you do not want commercial uses at the beach – whether there is a Greater Bay project or not.

Parallel to this, the Planning and Zoning Board has been reviewing new language for the Beach and Casino Zoning District. The first Planning and Zoning Board
meeting where the Beach and Casino Zoning District was discussed was October
19th. We had a well-attended meeting in December that gave further public direction to the effort and there was another workshop on January 10. There will be a public hearing on February 7th at the Planning and Zoning Board for additional public discussion and possible recommendation.

The City Commission will meet in the future to consider any recommendation.

I encourage everyone who is concerned regarding re-development of the beach property to attend the meetings where the zoning district is being discussed. That is where the action is – not with these land use amendments being discussed tonight.

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"

Lake Worth MLK Events

More to come..

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"

In Honor of Martin Luther King, Jr....

Please click here for full text of the August 28, 1963 "I have a Dream" speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. Also there is an original television broadcast of the speech and the events surrounding it on the same page.

Detailed Bio

Wes Blackman was born in Lansing, Michigan in 1961 - He graduated from Alma College with honors in 1983, majoring in Business Administration. He studied the Spanish language for eight years and studied in Madrid, Spain. He visited many cities in Spain experienced the architectural wonders of Toledo, Granada and Barcelona. His travels also took him to Avignon and Paris, France, with a final stop in Amsterdam. The Spanish/Moorish architecture of southern Spain made quite an impression, especially the Alhambra in Granada. These influences became important factors in Wes’ future.

Wes also was an accomplished player of the baritone horn, playing in many honor bands throughout his high school and college career. He continued his interest by participating in community bands in every area in which he lived.

He began his career working for the State of Michigan, Department of Commerce in Community Development. Working as a staff analyst for economic development grants and loan programs to Michigan cities experiencing economic impacts from the downtown of the automobile industry, Wes assisted communities in the establishment of revolving loan fund programs and infrastructure improvements. Many of the infrastructure improvements related to the extension of public water lines. These projects provided safe drinking water for families that drank water from nitrate tainted wells from fertilizer use.

Wes continued his work in the private sector by being a Community Development Specialist at Wilkins and Wheaton Engineering in Kalamazoo, Michigan. In this role, he assisted communities in assembling grant applications and packaging economic development loan programs to create needed jobs. Comstock Township, outside of Kalamazoo, Michigan, benefited from Wes’ expertise in securing grant monies for the expansion of their public water supply system. While in southwestern Michigan, Wes helped the City of Allegan complete an historic structure survey and establish the City’s first historic districts. He also helped area communities complete recreation plans for better access to State of Michigan recreation grant programs.
Wes then returned to his hometown to work at the City of East Lansing as Economic Development Specialist. His work there expanded to include working as staff person for the City’s Economic Development Corporation, Downtown Development Authority and the Central East Lansing Business Association. He was also active in the Regional Economic Development team – a consortium of local communities that worked to promote targeted economic development projects. This is where Wes first entered the world of site plan and zoning review, specializing in projects in the downtown East Lansing. He was part of the team that brought a major mixed-use project, including a public parking component, to the downtown. His specialty was parking system utilization and rate structure analyses.

Wes’ move to Florida came in 1989, primarily in search of a warmer climate and a new set of professional opportunities. He relocated to the West Palm Beach area and worked for the City of West Palm Beach as an Urban Planner. This was at the time that state-mandated Comprehensive Plans were being prepared by all local governments in Florida in response to Florida Administrative Code 9J5 and Chapter 163, Florida Statutes. Wes was put in charge of the transportation and infrastructure elements of the City’s Comprehensive Plan, along with other responsibilities including site plan and zoning/land use reviews. He became known as the City’s traffic planner. In 1991, Wes completed his certification in the American Institute of Certified Planners.

Wes always enjoyed spending time in the City of Lake Worth since moving to Florida. He respected the layout of the City, the charm of its downtown area and the abundance of public land on the water. He moved here in 1992 and lived in a duplex near 7th Avenue South and H Street. Hardly the garden spot of the world back then, but it fit the bill for about 5 years. His interest in planning and neighborhood improvement were stimulated due to the property to the south which was a "bombed out" former lodge building (which is now converted to a church and came out rather well). In the parking lot adjacent to his house, there was an out building that housed an Ambulance dispatch office, complete with ambulances that would go out at all hours of the day or night, lights flashing - with a siren here or there for extra effect. Some previous "Organ of the City" approved this use for the property without any regard for the neighborhood around it - it was around this time that he started thinking about getting involved and using his planning experience to better the conditions of the City.

He loved the proximity to downtown - loved to go to Rosie's for their lobster specials, went to the beach often, enjoyed the various events at Bryant Park, etc. It was while he lived here that he served on the City's Leisure Services Board - got to know Babara Aubel and Lynnette Romano, the Webbers, among others.

A big change in Wes’ life occurred in 1993 when he spoke in favor of the Mar-a-Lago property becoming a private club. This lovely example of Mediterranean revival architecture in South Florida was patterned after portions of the Alhambra in Spain. He was concerned that the National Historic Landmark would be subdivided or follow the fate of other large residential estates in Palm Beach. Mar-a-Lago was the last of a breed – all the other large estates had either been bulldozed or were subdivided in response to changing socio-economic factors. The owner of the property, Mr. Trump had sued the Town of Palm Beach over the right to subdivide the property. The proposal to establish a private club and keep the property intact was offered as a way to allow a use that was kind to the historic nature of the property and allow the lawsuit to be withdrawn. Wes offered his opinion of the traffic and historic preservation impacts of the proposal at a public hearing in May of that year. In September, he was asked by Mr. Trump to come on board and help meet the conditions of approval to establish a private club.

Over the next ten years, Wes secured approvals for the sensitive changes necessary to accommodate the new use of the property. This meant many presentations before the Landmarks Preservation Commission and the Palm Beach Town Council. Wes also had significant interaction with the National Trust for Historic Preservation and took many trips to Washington, D.C. in pursuit of permissions for the addition of tennis courts, spa, beach cabanas and ballroom for the Mar-a-Lago Club. As the Club grew more successful, Mr. Trump established a championship 18 hole golf course on County property south of the Palm Beach International Airport. Wes directed the efforts of a team of professionals in completing the golf course and did the same when it was time to construct a luxurious 40,000 square foot clubhouse on the property. He also assisted in gaining approval of an adjacent 9 hole course northwest of the 214 acre golf course property. With the projects completed, Wes left the Trump Organization in 2003. His experience here led him to understand all aspects of project management, critical path analysis, negotiation of contracts and the supervision of a team of professionals. He also gained valuable experience in construction management and his efforts garnered an award from the Florida Society of the American Institute of Building Design to Donald Trump for the Mar-a-Lago Club restoration and the innovative special construction techniques applied to the Clubhouse at Trump International Golf Course.

After working briefly for a local consulting firm, Wes went out on his own and established his own planning and zoning consulting firm. He recently resigned from his positions as Chairman of the Planning and Zoning Historic Resource Preservation Board, the Nuisance Abatement Board and as member of the Stakeholders Advisory Committee in order to run for the District #3 Commission Seat for the March municipal election. He has recently attended classes at Harvard concerning retail development in traditional downtowns and mixed use development. He is still a member of the Palm Beach County Planning Congress, where he served 2 times as its president, and is Chairman of the Land Development Regulation Advisory Board of Palm Beach County. He is also a board member of the Palm Beach County Historical Society.

Wes has lived in College Park for the past 6 years with his two dogs, Venus and Mars. He enjoys antique automobiles and hosts karaoke at a local Lake Worth establishment.

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"

New Flier!

Gerald R. Ford

Quotes in honor of the passing of our 38th President:

I have had a lot of adversaries in my political life, but no enemies that I can
remember.

In all my public and private acts as your president, I expect
to follow my instincts of openness and candor with full confidence that honesty
is always the best policy in the end.

It's the quality of the ordinary,
the straight, the square, that accounts for the great stability and success of
our nation. It's a quality to be proud of. But it's a quality that many people
seem to have neglected.

Truth is the glue that holds government
together. Compromise is the oil that makes governments go.

All my
children have spoken for themselves since they first learned to speak, and not
always with my advance approval, and I expect that to continue in the future.

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"

Last PZHRPB Meeting...

Above is a picture of the Planning and Zoning, Historic Preservation Board, less Anne Hoctor and Lisa Maxwell. December 20th represented my last meeting as a member of the Board. We squeezed this picture in as we were walking out the door after the meeting. From the left are Vicent DeVito, Jamie Foreman, Phil Spinelli, Wes Blackman, John Paxman, Don Skowron and Ed LeBlanc. Thanks to everyone on the Board for the time you devote to the continued improvement of our City. I wish you all the best and hope that I will be working with you in a new way after the March election. In the meantime, I will do my best to attend your meetings and balance the demands of the campaign. The PZHRPB will be the focus of much important work over the next year in the completion of the Master Plan related documents - Comprehensive Plan changes and new Land Development Regulations - not to mention completion of the Beach and Casino Zoning District. Good luck to you all!



I want to wish you all the best for this holiday season.

We had an extremely full agenda that evening - review of the Evaluation and Appraisal Report, a rather complicated variance request from a property owner on Wingfield and some changes to the historic Gulfstream Hotel. John Paxman was elected Chairman (see picture above) with Phil Spinelli keeping the Vice-Chairman spot. John and I switched seats and I participated as a regular board member through the meeting. Before the meeting, we had a reception that was prepared in my honor - thanks everyone! - but it seemed just like a nice holiday gathering among friends.

Here are some of the pictures from the reception - Thanks to Mary Lindsey for retrieving her camera to catch a few memories.

And here is a scan (below) of the nice "Going away" card from the group. Thanks for all the kind sentiments. Remember, each ending is a new beginning...

"Political advertisement paid for and approved by Wes Blackman for Commissioner – District #3"